Direct Speech (Kalimat Langsung) ialah kata-kata kalimat yang diucapkan
langsung oleh si pembicara.
Indirect Speech (Kalimat Tak Langsung) ialah kalimat yang diucapkan untuk
melaporkan kata-katansi pembicara kepada orang lain. Jadi, Indirect Speech
(Reported Speech) digunakan bila kita ingin melaporkan kata-kata seseorang
kepada orang lain secara tak langsung.
Direct & Indirect Speech terdiri dari 3 jenis yaitu :
I. Statement (pernyataan)
II. Command (perintah)
III. Question (pertanyaan)
Perubahan-perubahan yang perlu
dari Direct ke Indirect Speech :
1.
To be & Auxiliary Verbs
Direct
Indirect
Am/is/are
-
was/were
Shall/will
-
should/would
Can
-
could
May
-
might
Must
Have/has
to
- had
to
Ought to
2.
Time & Place (keterangan waktu
& tempat)
Direct
Indirect
now
- then
tomorrow
- the following
day
next
week
- the following
week
tonight
- that night
today
- that day
yesterday
- the day before
last
night
- the night
before
last
week
- the week
before,
the precious week
here
- there
this
- that
these
- those
3.
Tenses
Direct
Indirect
Simple
present
- simple past
Simple past -
past perfect
Present perfect
Present
continous
- past continous
Present perfect continous
- past perfect continous
Simple
future
- past future
I.
STATEMENT
Dalam Indirect Statement kita
menggunakan kata that (bahwa) sebagai penghubung antara kalimat
pengantar (introduce phrase) dan kata-kata yang dilaporkan (reported words).
Kalimat-kalimat pengantar dalam indirect statement ialah :
He said
He said to
me
that + reported words
He told me
e.g - Mary told her friends
“I have been to Bali twice.”
- Mary told her friends that she
had been to Bali twice.
- Father said “I am going out of town tomorrow”
- Father said that he was going out of town the following
day.
- Mary told John “my father warned me last night”
- Mary told John that her father had arned her the night
before.
- My sister said to me “I don’t like tennis”
- My sister said to me that she didn’t like tennis.
- Tom said “I didn’t go to school this morning”
- Tom said that he hadn’t gone to school that morning.
Apabila kalimat pengantarnya dalam
bentuk Simple Present Tense, maka kalimat yang dilaporkan tidak mengalami
perubahan.
e.g - John says “I will go
to Bandung tomorrow”
- John says that he will go to Bandung
tomorrow
- Mary says “I have seen that film”
- Mary says that she has seen that film.
- My brother says “I met Tom at the party last night”
- My brother says that he met Tom at the party last night.
- Tom says “I don’t like English”
- Tom says that he don’t like English.
II.
COMMAND
Command dibagi dalam 2 (dua)
bagian yaitu :
1. Positive Command
Dalam perintah positif kita tambahkan to di
depan kalimat perintahnya, sebagai penghubung antara kalimat pengantar dan
perintah yang dilaporkan. Kalimat-kalimat pengantar dalam jenis ini ialah :
He asked me
He told me
e.g - He asked me “Open your book”
- He asked me to open my book.
-
Mary told me “Stop talking to
Jane”
-
Mary told me to stop talking to
Jane.
- Mother asked John “Pay attention to what I say”
- Mother asked John to pay attention to what she says.
- John told Mary “Wait until I come”
- John told Mary to wait until he comes.
- The teacher said to the students “Be quiet while I am
talking”
- The teacher told the students to be quiet while she is
talking.
2. Negative Command
Dalam perintah negatif kita tambahkan not
to di depan perintah yang dilaporkan.
e.g - Mary told John “Don’t wait for me”
- Mary told John not to wait for
her.
-
I told him “Don’t mention it to
anyone”
-
I told him not to mention it to
anyone.
- Father asked her “Don’t go there alone”
- Father asked her not to go there alone.
- Ira asked Tom “Don’t come to my house again”
- Ira asked tom not to come to her house again.
- Mothers asked John “Don’t smoke too much”
- Mother asked John not to smoke too much.
III.
QUESTION
Bila pertanyaan langsung (direct
question) menggunakan kata-kata tanya seperti ; Where, When, Why, What,
Who, How, dll, maka kata-kata tersebut digunakan
sebagai penghubung dalam reported Speech. Pertanyaan yang dilaporkan berubaha
menjadi bentuk positif. Kalimat pengantarnya ialah :
He asked me
where
When etc.
e.g - The man asked me : “Where do you live ?”
- The man asked me where I lived.
- John asked Mary : “Why do you get angry with me ?”
-
John asked Mary why she got angry
with him.
- I asked him : “When did you get back from your trip ?”
- I asked him when he had got back from his trip.
- He asked me : “How will you go there ?”
- He asked me how I would go there.
- John asked the girl : “What is your name ?”
- John asked the girl what her name was.
Bila pertanyaan langsung tidak
menggunakan kata-kata tanya, dan hanya merupakan pertanyaan dalam bentuk “Yes
& No Question”, maka kita menggunakan kata-kata if, whether
(jika, apakah) sebagai penghubung antara kalimat pengantar dan pertanyaan
yang dilaporkan.
e.g - The boy asked John : “Does Mary live near here?”
- The boy asked John if Mary lived
near there.
- The teacher asked her : “Have you finish your homework ?”
- The teacher asked her if he had finished her homework.
- Mary asked me : “Did you she John at the party the night
before.
- Mary asked me whether I had seen John at the party the
night before.
- We asked them : “Will you go to the movie with us tonight
?”
- We asked them whether they would go to the movie with us
that night.
- Mother asked John : “Are you going to marry her ?”
- Mother asked John if he was going to marry her.
Note :
Baik if maupun whether dapat digunakan bergantian
IV.
REPORTED SPEECH / MIXED TYPE
(Jenis Gabungan)
Bila pertanyaan dan pernyataan
digabung dalam Reported Speech maka kita menggunakan kata as (karena)
sebagai penghubung pada bagian kalimat pernyataan yang dilaporkan. Dalam hal
ini kalimat pernyataan tersebut dilaporkan kemudian. Perhatikanlah
contoh-contoh berikut ini
e.g - She asked me :”What is the time ?”, my
watch has stopped.
- She asked me what the time was as her watch had
stopped.
- Ira asked John :”what is the matter with you ?”, You don’t
look well.
- Mary asked John what the matter was with him as he
didn’t look well.
- I asked her :”How long have you been studying English ?”,
Your accent is very good.
- I asked her how long she had been studying English as
he her accent was very good.
- He told me :”I am off to the movie,” Where are you going
?”
- He told me that he was off to the movie and asked
me where I was going.
- She said :”It is cold inside,” Is the window open ?
- She said that it was cold inside and asked if the
window was open.
Bila dalam pertanyaan langsung
disertai dengan jawaban Yes dan No, maka kita menggunakan kata but
sebagai penghubung untuk jawaban No dan kata and
sebagai penghubung untuk jawaban Yes.
e.g - He asked me :”Will you go out wiith me
?” No, I won’t.
- He asked me if I would go out with him but I said I
wouldn’t.
- Mother asked John :”Have you had lunch ?” No, I haven’t.
- Mother asked John if he had had lunch but he said
he hadn’t.
- She asked me :”Can you meet me tomorrow ?” No.
- She asked me if I could meet her the following day but I
said I couldn’t.
- I asked her :”Do you like vegetables ?” Yes, I do.
- Is asked her if she liked veggetables and she said
she did.
- Mary asked John :”Did you phone me last night ?” Yes, I
did.
- Mary asked John if he had phoned her the night before and
he said he had.
- Father asked me :”Are you going to the movie tonight ?”
Yes.
- Father asked me if I was going to the movie that night and
I said I was.
Direct & Indirect with
Auxiliaries
Perhatikan perubahan-perubahan
yang perlu dari Auxiliaries
Direct
Indirect
Was/were
- had been
can
- could
may
- might
must & have
to
- had to
must
not
- wasn’t
to/musn’t
needn’t
- didn’t have to
e.g - Mary said :” I was sick yesterday.”
- Mary said that she had been sick the day before.
- The man asked me :” Can you speak English ?”
- The man asked me if I could speak English.
- Mary said to John :”You may come to my house tomorrow.”
- Mary said to John that she might come to his house the
following day.
- Mother told John :”You must study harder if you want to
pass the exam.”
- Mother told John that he had to study harder if he wanted
to pass the exam.
- The police told me :” You must not drive without license.”
- The police told me that I wasn’t to drive without
license.”
- The teacher told them :”You needn’t hurry.”
- The teacher told them that they didn’t have to hurry.
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Tuesday 12 March 2013
DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
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